SHIPPING
Shipping is perhaps the most
international of the world's industries, serving more than 90 per cent of
global trade by carrying huge quantities of cargo cost effectively, cleanly and
safely.
The ownership and management chain
surrounding any ship can embrace many countries and ships spend their economic
life moving between different jurisdictions, often far from the country of
registry. There is, therefore, a need for international standards to regulate
shipping - which can be adopted and accepted by all. The first maritime
treaties date back to the 19th century. Later, the Titanic disaster of
1912 spawned the first international safety of life at sea - SOLAS -
convention, still the most important treaty addressing maritime safety. (more)
The Convention establishing the
International Maritime Organization (IMO) was adopted in Geneva in 1948 and IMO
first met in 1959. IMO's main task has been to develop and maintain a
comprehensive regulatory framework for shipping and its remit today includes
safety, environmental concerns, legal matters, technical co-operation, maritime
security and the efficiency of shipping.
A specialized agency of the United
Nations with 169 Member States and three Associate Members, IMO is based in the
United Kingdom with around 300 international staff.
IMO's specialized committees and
sub-committees are the focus for the technical work to update existing
legislation or develop and adopt new regulations, with meetings attended by
maritime experts from Member Governments, together with those from interested
intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.
The result is a comprehensive body
of international conventions, supported by hundreds of recommendations
governing every facet of shipping. There are, firstly, measures aimed at the
prevention of accidents, including standards for ship design, construction,
equipment, operation and manning - key treaties include SOLAS, the MARPOL
convention for the prevention of pollution by ships and the STCW convention on
standards of training for seafarers.
Then there are measures which
recognize that accidents do happen, including rules concerning distress and
safety communications, the International Convention on Search and Rescue and
the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and
Co-operation.
Thirdly, there are conventions which
establish compensation and liability regimes - including the International
Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, the convention
establishing the International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage
and the Athens Convention covering liability and compensation for passengers at
sea.
Inspection and monitoring of
compliance are the responsibility of member States, but the adoption of a
Voluntary IMO Member State Audit Scheme is playing a key role in enhancing implementation
of IMO standards. The first audits under the Voluntary IMO Member State Audit
Scheme were completed at the end of 2006 but the IMO Assembly has agreed a
programme to make this scheme mandatory, with the entry into force of the
mandatory audit scheme likely to be in 2015.
IMO has an extensive technical
co-operation programme, which identifies needs among resource-shy Members and
matches them to assistance, such as training. IMO has founded three advanced
level maritime educational institutes in Malmö, Malta and Genoa.
Today, we live in a society which is
supported by a global economy, which simply could not function if it were not
for shipping. IMO plays a key role in ensuring that lives at sea are not put at
risk and that the marine environment is not polluted by shipping - as summed up
in IMO's mission statement: Safe, Secure and Efficient Shipping on Clean
Oceans.
LIST OF VOCABULARY
1.
Ownership : Kepemilikan
2.
Chain : Mengikat/rantaian
3.
Maritime : Kelautan
4.
Spawned : Melahirkan
5.
Seafarer : Pelaut
6.
Search : Mencari
7.
Rescue :
Menyelamatkan
8.
Liability :
Kelemahan
9.
Passengers : Penumpang
10.
Mission : Misi
Ø QUESTION
a. What
does the main idea of text above?
b. How
many members’ country of IMO?
c. What
is IMO?
d. What
is the most international industry in the world?
Ø IDENTIFY THE WORDS BELOW
INTO ADJ, NOUN, VERB, & ADVERB BY USING
(√)
NO.
|
WORDS
|
ADJECTIVE
|
NOUN
|
VERB
|
ADVERB
|
1
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Ownership
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2
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Chain
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3
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Maritime
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4
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Spawned
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…...
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5
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Seafarer
|
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6
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Search
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7
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Rescue
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8
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Liability
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9
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Passengers
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……
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……
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……
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10
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Mission
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